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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Psychoanalysis (Freudian)
- Originator: Sigmund Freud
- Definition: A system which stresses the role of the unconscious and
dynamic forces in psychic functioning.
- Concept: Arguably, it is the only system which persistently and
systematically attempts to get the therapist inside the thought system.
Man’s psyche is too much for his control.
- Psychological theory: The approach considers personality from three
points of view: 1 physiologically 2. social 3. psychological.
- Psychological process: Patients are asked to free associate. They may say what comes to mind. The
analyst generally makes various comments and gives interpretations
whenever appropriate.
- Target Counselees: Psychotics. 2
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Adlerian Psychotherapy (Adlerian)
- Originator: Alfred Adler
- Definition: It views man
holistically as a creative, reasonable, becoming individual. Sometimes man’s self and life
perception, and his life-style are self-defeating because of inferiority
feelings.
- Concept: All behavior occurs in a
social context not in isolation
- Psychological theory: The client must have faith in the therapist. The client must have hope in the
outcome of therapy. The client
must feel love from the therapist.
- Psychological process: The therapist is to perform the following:
1.maintain a good relationship 2. uncover the dynamics of the client's
life style 3. interpret the client's life 4. provide reorientation.
- Target Counselees: Relational situations. Couples, families, etc.3
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Analytical Psychology (Jungian)
- Originator: Carl Jung
- Definition: The mind is self-regulating with an internally imposed
direction toward a life of fuller awareness.
- Concept: There exists within man an autonomous force persistently
pushing him to achieve wholeness much like the physiological force which
ensures his physical development.
- Psychological Therapy: This approach does not offer a theory. Therapy is a process of
self-knowledge, education, or other means of reconstructing personality.
- Psychological Process: The basis of analysis is experiencing.
- Target Counselees: Young adults, and persons going through transitions.4
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Client Centered (Rogerian)
- Originator: Carl Rogers
- Definition: The growthful potential of any individual will tend to be
released in a relationship in which the helping person is a deeply
sensitive, non-judgmental person.
- Concept: If certain conditions are present in the therapist then
growthful change will take place in the client.
- Psychological theory: Therapy is the essence of life.
- Psychological process: The process if free flowing. The therapist is not
necessarily interested in history, or background. The process is that of listening,
empathizing, agreeing, etc.
- Target Counselees: Persons extremely fragile. Those who need agreement regardless of
their position or condition.5
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
- Originator: Albert Ellis
- Definition: When an undesirable consequence occurs such as severe
anxiety, the consequence can be traced to the person’s irrational
beliefs.
- Concept: Man is born with a potential to be uniquely rational and
straight thinking, or irrational and crooked thinking.
- Psychological theory: Emotional disturbances occur when an individual
commands, insists, and dictates that he must have his wishes or desires
satisfied.
- Psychological process: The rational-emotive practitioner employs a
fairly rapid-fire, active-directive, persuasive-philosophic methodology.
- Target Counselees: Individual, group, marathon encounter groups. People
who believe in anything irrational (e.g., magic, faith, sorcery, luck).6
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Gestalt Therapy (Gestalt)
- Originator: Frederick Perls
- Definition: A model that sees disturbed behavior as the signal of a
painful polarization between two elements in a psychological process.
- Concept: The optimal achievement for the Gestalt therapist would be for
the participant to come away with an emotionally shaken experience
rather than a head full of theoretical understanding.
- Psychological Therapies: The therapist is like a composer, and the
client an accomplished musician.
There is a series of admissions, confessions, and revelations.
- Psychological Process: The therapy itself, the therapist-client
relationship, and the process within the patient.
- Target Counselees: Selecting counselees is best decided after the
contact points are established.7
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- Secular Counseling Theories:
- Approach: Reality Therapy
- Originator: William Glasser
- Definition: Focusing on the present and on behavior, the therapist
guides the individual to enable him to see himself accurately to face
reality, and to face his needs.
- Concept: No matter how cruel and unusual the experiences which lead to
behavior, past events must not be used an excuse.
- Psychological theory: Involvement and motivation are considered
synonymous. Focusing on present
behavior as opposed to feelings, each person must judge personal
behavior. The individual must
make plans to change behavior. No
excuses.
- Psychological process: There is a conversational exchange between
therapist and patient which encompasses both disagreeable as well as
agreeable facets.
- Target Counselees: Persons in denial. 8
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- Christian Counseling Principles:
- Approach: Christ-centered
- Originator: Jesus Christ
- Definition: The Originator of the approach is the creator, perfect life,
and substitute for the counselee.
- Concept: As the counselee experiences the meaning of abiding or making
in-Christ decisions, the counselee discovers the key to all aspects of
living, and if the counselee fails at any point the originator forgives
and atones.
- Psychological theory: Nothing in man’s frame is adequate for his
condition at any point including his psychological theories.
- Pneumatological Truth: Man is not only lost, but completely depraved. He
needs a savior mentally, socially, physically, and spiritually (Gen.
6:5, Jer. 17:9, Matt. 15:1, Mark 7:21-22).
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- Christian Counseling Principles:
- Psychological process: His psychological process results in death (Rom.
7:5, 7:14, 8:13).
- Pneumatological process: All issues are ultimately resolved, and not
only resolved but every event works together for the good of the
believer (Rom. 8:28, 2 Cor. 4:15-17).
The believer must: 1.Be born-again. 2. Be provided balanced
biblical insight.3. Possess the degree of faith necessary. 4. Be
committed to spiritual development 5. Receive practical support 6. Remain in the process.
- Target Counselees: Whosoever will, let him come with every issue.
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Notes